33 » Cost by Nature

Supplementary information on the expenses by nature is detailed below.

Cost of materials represents the amount of inventories recognized as an expense during the period.

Depreciation of tangible and right-of-use assets, amortization of intangible assets as well as impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses on those assets are primarily included within other operating expenses unless they are directly attributable to the production costs, in which case the expenses are included within the cost of sales. Impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses on goodwill (if applicable) are presented as a separate line item in the consolidated income statement.

Personnel expenses are primarily included within other operating expenses unless they are directly attributable to the production costs, in which case the expenses are included within the cost of sales.

Expenses relating to leases of low-value assets exclude short-term leases of low-value assets.

Expenses by nature € in millions

 

 

Year ending Dec. 31, 2019

 

Year ending Dec. 31, 2018

Cost of materials

 

11,296

 

10,507

Depreciation and amortization

 

1,162

 

470

Thereof: included within the cost of sales

 

31

 

3

Thereof: included within personnel expenses

 

11

 

Impairment losses

 

24

 

19

Reversals of impairment losses

 

(8)

 

(3)

Wages and salaries

 

2,382

 

2,156

Social security contributions

 

228

 

218

Pension expenses

 

109

 

107

Personnel expenses

 

2,720

 

2,481

Expense relating to short-term leases

 

38

 

n.a.

Expense relating to leases of low-value assets

 

1

 

n.a.

Expense relating to variable lease payments

 

140

 

n.a.

Further information on expenses by function is provided in these Notes. See note 32